工作内容
职教教师(Career and technical education teachers)属于教育职业的范畴;主要是从事于中学、高中教育行业,指导学生相关职业技能专业知识;并帮助学生进入专业行业就业,如:汽车修理、护理、商务等。
职责要求——
制作教程;理论联系实际;联系企业实习;与当地社区学院合作;学生评估;课业监督;与家长沟通;制定课堂规范;咨询辅导
职教教师在教学过程中要将理论与实际相结合,并结合相关行业法律法规;特殊条件,需亲自演示证明。大部分学校与当地企业都有合作;学生通过在课堂上的理论知识进入当地合作企业进行实习;随后,企业负责人会及时的反馈给学生学生的表现情况;学生还可以在学校组织的实践过程中,实际运用知识与技术。
职教教师职业分类——
职教教师(农学):教师主要在课堂上提出农业话题,如:农业生产、农业相关贸易、兽医学、动植物及食品加工等并与学术进行讨论;教师还可以让学生亲自去种植培育作物,达到理论联系实际的最好验证。
职教教师(家庭与消费):教师主要讲授营养学、烹饪、缝纫与幼儿发育等。该专业学生需参加学前教育课程、市场成衣制作或烹饪等课程。
职教教师(医疗卫生):这个领域的学生通常作为助理或技术员,如:护士或牙医助理;教师辅助学生应用技能于实际,如:测量血压、血糖;某些课程要求学生必须获得相关资格认证。
职教教师(市场):学生需了解掌握如何运营一个公司或如何做好市场推广工作。该职业需了解金融管理、市场营销等专业课程。教师要辅助学生自创企业;有些学校甚至以学校为基础的自营企业,为学生提供更加方便的机会。
职教教师(职业):教师大都是专职人员,如:汽车维修、美容、空调维修、电线或计算机网络和电脑维修。学校开设实验课,提升学生的专业动手能力。
职教教师(专业知识):该职业主要是培养专业教育人员;学生在制造机器人的过程中学到了物理学、计算机基础知识及数学相关知识。而这些课程大多是工程学位要求的前置课程。*(4)
工作环境
以美国为例,该职业大多从事的行业是中小学教育机构,教授学生相关的职业技能课程并帮助学生进入适合的企业就业。
职教教师和国内的教师工作时间差不多,遵循正常的上班时间(早8点-下午3点);通常教师在晚上和周末还要坚持辅导学生的课业、课程准备及组织学生活动;课后还要根据情况会见家长、学生或其他老师。
通常大部分教职教师一年工作内工作时间只有10个月,中间有为期2个月的暑假。部分教师会根据情况开设暑期培训课程。而地区全年授课的教师的作息时间通常是工作8周,休息一周并5周的寒假。*(5)
初中职教教师行业表*(1) | |||||
Industry | Employment | Percent of industry employment | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage | |
Elementary and Secondary Schools | 中小学教育 | 18,500 | 0.22 | -4 | $56,270 |
高中职教教师行业表*(2) | |||||
Elementary and Secondary Schools | 中小学教育 | 85,700 | 1.03 | -4 | $57,340 |
State Government (OES Designation) | 州政府机构 | 1,400 | 0.06 | -4 | $46,630 |
Technical and Trade Schools | 职业技术学校 | 340 | 0.22 | -4 | $57,790 |
Local Government (OES Designation) | 地方政府机构 | 100 | 0 | -4 | $50,490 |
Vocational Rehabilitation Services | 职业康复服务 | 50 | 0.02 | -4 | $36,450 |
入行门槛
公立学校的从业教师需具备州内认可教师资格证(不同的州要求亦不同),私立学校教师未作要求。但,大部分美国的州要求教师从业前需具备专业知识和技能(职业教师前置课程,主要是针对非专业人员)、本科及以上学历及工作经验。
针对只有高中毕业文凭的从业人员而言,需参加不定期的职业认证课程获得教师培训资格(州内教师资格证);并需具备一定的工作经验。
部分州要求从业人员提供最低GPA并通过职业资格考试以及专业课程考试;教师上岗后每年仍需参加职业发展课程不断提升自我技能和专业知识,部分州要求职业人员需具备硕士学历。具备一定工作经验的教师可辅导无经验或经验较少的教师提高职业技能。
具备高等教育背景的教师可从事咨询、图书管理员等。部分人员还可去社区学院任教。
技能要求——
沟通能力(Communication skills)、创新意识(Creativity)、语言表达能力(Instructional skills)、组织能力(Organizational skills)、耐心(Patience)*(6)
就业展望与薪资
职教教师行业年薪一览:
中小学教育 | $56,805 |
州政府机构 | $46,630 |
职业技术学校 | $57,790 |
地方政府机构 | $50,490 |
职业康复服务 | $36,450 |
*(1)(2)
以美国为例,初中职教教师平均年薪$58,170,高中职教教师平均年薪$58,480;从业人数对比:初中77,430,高中13,090;从整个行业未来十年的增幅来看,职教教师职业几乎没变化。而从业人数的需求直接与学校要求相挂钩。美国不同的州和地区要求也不一:美国南部和西部急需经验丰富的教师;中西部地区需求量较稳定;东北部地区的需求量正在逐渐下降。*(7)
2015年
- 初中职教教师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York | 2,320 | 0.26 | 2.72 | - | $70,610 |
Texas | 1,160 | 0.1 | 1.05 | - | $54,480 |
North Carolina | 1,110 | 0.27 | 2.84 | - | $46,320.00 |
Pennsylvania | 800 | 0.14 | 1.47 | - | $59,940 |
Georgia | 630 | 0.15 | 1.62 | - | $59,490 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Wyoming | 100 | 0.34 | 3.59 | - | $59,250 |
North Carolina | 1,110 | 0.27 | 2.84 | - | $46,320 |
New York | 2,320 | 0.26 | 2.72 | - | $70,610.00 |
Mississippi | 270 | 0.24 | 2.58 | - | $47,490 |
Alaska | 80 | 0.24 | 2.52 | - | $80,320 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,010 | 0.16 | 1.65 | - | $67,950 |
Nassau County-Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division | 410 | 0.32 | 3.42 | - | $97,300 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 260 | 0.09 | 0.95 | - | $55,570 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 260 | 0.1 | 1.1 | - | $62,930 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 240 | 0.1 | 1.08 | - | $55,890 |
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 210 | 0.19 | 1.95 | - | $46,190 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 200 | 0.11 | 1.18 | - | $79,410 |
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 190 | 0.15 | 1.53 | - | $59,750 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 180 | 0.08 | 0.8 | - | $69,340 |
Raleigh, NC | 160 | 0.28 | 2.96 | - | $52,630 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Muncie, IN | 30 | 0.79 | 8.33 | - | $42,640 |
Glens Falls, NY | 40 | 0.76 | 8.01 | - | $69,610 |
Binghamton, NY | 70 | 0.73 | 7.66 | - | $62,470 |
Utica-Rome, NY | 60 | 0.54 | 5.65 | - | $65,850 |
Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division | 40 | 0.52 | 5.45 | - | $79,300 |
Syracuse, NY | 150 | 0.49 | 5.16 | - | $61,470 |
Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC | 60 | 0.39 | 4.13 | - | $44,920 |
Asheville, NC | 70 | 0.39 | 4.15 | - | $42,350 |
Winston-Salem, NC | 90 | 0.35 | 3.72 | - | $47,390 |
Waco, TX | 40 | 0.34 | 3.62 | - | $47,420 |
*(1)
- 高中职教教师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 9,450 | 0.82 | 1.45 | - | $55,000 |
Florida | 7,500 | 0.95 | 1.68 | - | $50,420 |
Ohio | 5,100 | 0.97 | 1.72 | - | $63,440.00 |
North Carolina | 5,010 | 1.21 | 2.16 | - | $47,940 |
Pennsylvania | 4,950 | 0.87 | 1.54 | - | $62,220 |
*(2)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
North Carolina | 5,010 | 1.21 | 2.16 | - | $47,940 |
Vermont | 330 | 1.09 | 1.94 | - | $57,790 |
Mississippi | 1,180 | 1.07 | 1.9 | - | $44,570.00 |
Wyoming | 300 | 1.06 | 1.89 | - | $59,890 |
Connecticut | 1,690 | 1.02 | 1.81 | - | $76,030 |
*(2)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division | 2,310 | 2.12 | 3.77 | - | $54,510 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,750 | 0.27 | 0.48 | - | $81,010 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 1,630 | 0.7 | 1.25 | - | $55,920 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 1,560 | 0.53 | 0.95 | - | $61,240 |
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 1,430 | 1.28 | 2.29 | - | $50,820 |
Pittsburgh, PA | 1,200 | 1.06 | 1.89 | - | $57,510 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 1,040 | 0.43 | 0.77 | - | $71,720 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 1,020 | 0.25 | 0.44 | - | $73,740 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 940 | 0.53 | 0.95 | - | $70,710 |
Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Division | 830 | 0.85 | 1.52 | - | $58,120 |
*(2)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Watertown-Fort Drum, NY | 200 | 4.86 | 8.66 | - | $57,950 |
Mansfield, OH | 130 | 2.69 | 4.79 | - | $59,000 |
Taunton-Middleborough-Norton, MA NECTA Division | 130 | 2.28 | 4.06 | - | $73,580 |
Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division | 2,310 | 2.12 | 3.77 | - | $54,510 |
New Bedford, MA | 130 | 2.09 | 3.72 | - | $82,230 |
Rocky Mount, NC | 110 | 2.03 | 3.62 | - | $45,330 |
Haverhill-Newburyport-Amesbury Town, MA-NH NECTA Division | 120 | 1.9 | 3.39 | - | $63,450 |
Brownsville-Harlingen, TX | 260 | 1.89 | 3.37 | - | $49,660 |
Cleveland, TN | 80 | 1.85 | 3.29 | - | $48,380 |
Gadsden, AL | 60 | 1.77 | 3.14 | - | $55,570 |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
从业人数最多州:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Annual mean wage |
Georgia | 4,900 | 1.28 | 9.04 | $55,420 |
New York | 1,570 | 0.18 | 1.3 | $71,270 |
Texas | 1,400 | 0.13 | 0.93 | $51,370 |
North Carolina | 1,110 | 0.29 | 2.02 | $44,680 |
Michigan | 1,060 | 0.27 | 1.9 | $59,990 |
Texas | 9,440 | 0.89 | 1.32 | $52,850 |
Ohio | 6,770 | 1.34 | 1.99 | $63,160 |
Florida | 5,530 | 0.76 | 1.13 | $52,060 |
North Carolina | 5,230 | 1.35 | 2 | $47,860 |
Pennsylvania | 4,950 | 0.89 | 1.31 | $61,160 |
*(1)(2)
产业最集中州:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Annual mean wage |
Georgia | 4,900 | 1.28 | 9.04 | $55,420 |
Montana | 130 | 0.3 | 2.12 | $36,660 |
North Carolina | 1,110 | 0.29 | 2.02 | $44,680 |
Wyoming | 80 | 0.28 | 1.94 | $59,500 |
Michigan | 1,060 | 0.27 | 1.9 | $59,990 |
North Dakota | 580 | 1.44 | 2.14 | $46,830 |
North Carolina | 5,230 | 1.35 | 2 | $47,860 |
Ohio | 6,770 | 1.34 | 1.99 | $63,160 |
Connecticut | 2,120 | 1.31 | 1.94 | $73,160 |
West Virginia | 910 | 1.29 | 1.91 | $46,040 |
*(1)(2)
注:Location quotient:产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
参考资料
(1) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 25-2023 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 25 -2032 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Career and Technical Education Teachers , Summary U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Career and Technical Education Teachers , What They Do U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Career and Technical Education Teachers , Work Environment U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) Career and Technical Education Teachers , How to Become One U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(7) Career and Technical Education Teachers , Graphic Designers, Job Outlook U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics