工作内容
电气工程师(Electrical Engineers)设计、开发、测试诸如电力马达、雷达和导航系统、通信系统、发电机及其设备等电气设备,同时也设计开发汽车或飞机的电气系统。与电子工程师相比,电气工程师工作的电压较高。*(5)
工作职责:
电气工程师
- 设计新的电力使用方式开发或提升产品;
- 通过精确计算,确定电气产品的生产、制造和安装规范与标准;
- 主导电气产品的制造、安装和测试,确保产品符合要求;
- 跟踪客户或公众对产品的反响,评估产品问题并给出解决方案;
- 与项目经历合作,确保产品的规范、进度与预算。
电气工程师与电子工程师的工作环境相似,且大部分时候二者的专业领域有所重叠。电子工程师和电气工程师通常需要一定程度上的熟悉对方的领域。整体而言,电子工程师偏向计算机硬件和电子通讯,而电气工程师偏向较大型的电力及电路系统。
电气工程师通常在办公室办公,但偶尔也会下到车间,以确保产品的生产进度、标准以及规范,并帮助解决生产中出现的问题等。*(6)
入行门槛
要想成为一名电气工程师通常需具备本科以上学历,电气工程或电子工程专业毕业。就美国来说,拥有注册工程师(Professional Engineer,PE)执照,可以提高电气工程师的职业竞争力。
要想成为一名注册工程师,必需具备以下条件:
- 毕业于受美国工程与技术鉴定委员会(ABETA)认证的项目并获得学士以上学历;
- 通过工程基础考试(FE);
- 相关工作经验;
- 通过工程专业考试(PE)*(4)
- 工程基础考试本科毕业便可以参加,通过该考试的学生被称为见习工程师(engineers in training,EIT),EIT参加工作获得一定工作经验后便可以参加第二次工程考试——工程原理与实践考试(Principles and Practice of Engineering exam),也即工程专业考试(PE)。
此外,不同州的工程师证书在美国大多数州都是可以通行的。*(4)
就业展望与薪资
电气工程师普遍属于较高薪水的职业,以美国为例,按美国劳工统计局2015年5月公布的数据,美国电气工程师平均年薪$97,340,高于工程师行业的平均水准。而按2012年美国劳工统计局公布的数据,美国全行业平均年薪仅$34,750,工程师行业平均年薪为$86,200,而电气工程师当年的平均年薪为$87,920,略低于电子工程师$91,820的年薪。*(7)(8)
就美国来说,电气工程师未来职业岗位增长的期望较小。按美国劳工统计局的预测,未来十年(2014-2024)电气工程师的岗位数预计减少100人左右,预计增幅0%,稳定在315,700人。该职业增长预期远低于美国全行业平均预期增幅(7%),也低于全体工程师行业预期增幅(4%)。*(3)(8)
美国电气工程师从业行业及薪水列表:
Industry | Employment | Percent of industry employment | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services | 40,050 | 3 | $44.94 | $93,470 |
Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 16,750 | 4.32 | $42.26 | $87,900 |
Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing | 12,910 | 3.43 | $49.95 | $103,900 |
Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments Manufacturing | 12,360 | 3.13 | $45.74 | $95,140 |
Scientific Research and Development Services | 7,880 | 1.25 | $49.69 | $103,350 |
Communications Equipment Manufacturing | 4,440 | 4.28 | $44.87 | $93,320 |
Electrical Equipment Manufacturing | 5,100 | 3.53 | $39.63 | $82,430 |
Software Publishers | 80 | 0.03 | $57.37 | $119,330 |
Oil and Gas Extraction | 170 | 0.09 | $57.06 | $118,680 |
Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 4,940 | 0.29 | $50.33 | $104,700 |
*(1)
注:以上数据为2013年美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2015年
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 23,840 | 1.54 | 1.19 | $55.75 | $115,960 |
Texas | 14,110 | 1.22 | 0.94 | $49.79 | $103,560 |
New York | 11,010 | 1.23 | 0.95 | $47.32 | $98,430.00 |
Michigan | 9,410 | 2.27 | 1.75 | $42.13 | $87,640 |
Massachusetts | 7,690 | 2.26 | 1.75 | $51.84 | $107,820.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Alabama | 5,030 | 2.67 | 2.06 | $46.04 | $95,770 |
New Mexico | 2,050 | 2.57 | 1.99 | $45.11 | $93,840 |
New Hampshire | 1,470 | 2.31 | 1.78 | $47.19 | $98,150.00 |
Michigan | 9,410 | 2.27 | 1.75 | $42.13 | $87,640 |
Massachusetts | 7,690 | 2.26 | 1.75 | $51.84 | $107,820.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 5,830 | 5.76 | 4.45 | $64.71 | $134,610 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 4,970 | 0.77 | 0.59 | $48.32 | $100,500.00 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 4,510 | 1.1 | 0.85 | $50.86 | $105,780 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,450 | 1.52 | 1.17 | $51.64 | $107,410 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 4,450 | 2.52 | 1.95 | $52.77 | $109,760 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 4,300 | 2.8 | 2.16 | $51.87 | $107,890 |
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 4,210 | 3.11 | 2.4 | $56.35 | $117,210 |
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division | 4,070 | 3.47 | 2.68 | $41.86 | $87,080 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 3,660 | 1.03 | 0.79 | $45.45 | $94,540 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 3,360 | 1.39 | 1.07 | $55.22 | $114,860 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Huntsville, AL | 1,800 | 8.46 | 6.53 | $47.71 | $99,240 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 1,310 | 7.6 | 5.87 | $55.88 | $116,240.00 |
Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division | 790 | 6.17 | 4.76 | $49.86 | $103,700 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 5,830 | 5.76 | 4.45 | $64.71 | $134,610 |
Monroe, MI | 220 | 5.65 | 4.36 | $46.90 | $97,540 |
Cedar Rapids, IA | 720 | 5.07 | 3.92 | $41.67 | $86,670 |
California-Lexington Park, MD | 210 | 4.81 | 3.71 | $45.82 | $95,300 |
Columbus, IN | 220 | 4.52 | 3.49 | $39.32 | $81,790 |
Albuquerque, NM | 1,660 | 4.42 | 3.42 | $44.75 | $93,080 |
Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ | 150 | 4.3 | 3.32 | - | - |
*(1)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上四表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 23,030 | 2 | 1.23 | $53.90 | $112,100.00 |
Texas | 13,700 | 1 | 0.99 | $47.13 | $98,030.00 |
New York | 10,140 | 1 | 0.93 | $45.68 | $95,020.00 |
Michigan | 7,300 | 2 | 1.44 | $41.45 | $86,210.00 |
Florida | 6,700 | 1 | 0.71 | $40.52 | $84,270.00 |
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Alabama | 5,290 | 2.87 | 2.26 | $43.77 | $91,040 |
Washington | 5,820 | 2.06 | 1.62 | $47.25 | $98,270 |
Vermont | 610 | 2.03 | 1.6 | $40.72 | $84,690 |
Massachusetts | 6,520 | 2 | 1.58 | $49.17 | $102,280 |
Idaho | 1,220 | 2 | 1.58 | $43.95 | $91,430 |
*(1)
注:
(1)Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2)以上两表均是2013年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
参考资料:
(1)Electrical Engineers US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2)Electrical and Electronics Engineers-Summary US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3)Electrical and Electronics Engineers-Job Outlook US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4)Electrical and Electronics Engineers- How to Become an Electrical or Electronics Engineer US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5)Electrical and Electronics Engineers- What Electrical and Electronics Engineers Do US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6)Electrical and Electronics Engineers- Work Environment US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(7)Electrical and Electronics Engineers-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8)Mechanical Engineers-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics