工作内容
工业设计师(Industrial designers)以制造业(汽车、家电、玩具)为主,结合艺术、经济、工程等专业知识,根据人们长期的使用习惯不断创新产品风格和功能制造人们的每日必需品。
工业设计师集中的领域很多,包括:医疗器件、电子设备(计算机、手机)、自行车、家具、家居用品、滑雪板等。计算机是工业设计师必不可少的工具,常用到的即CAD软件功能画图或CAID软件。
工业设计师职责——
- 市场调研
- 设计草图
- 应用计算机工具软件
- 确定制造要求
- 预估产品成本
- 评估产品的实用性
- 最终成品展示 *(4)
工作环境
工业设计师主要以全职为主,大多在制造业、大型企业或设计公司工作。工业设计师通常在办公室办公,根据客户需求设计草图、与同事进行必要的头脑风暴、借用计算机辅助工具设计产品等。
从下表中的数据不难看到,工业设计师多集中于专业设计服务行业与建筑、工程及相关行业就职。*(5)
Industry | Employment | Percent of industry employment | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage | |
Specialized Design Services | 专业设计服务行业 | 3,990 | 3 | 30 | $63,250.00 |
Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services | 建筑、工程及相关服务 | 2,510 | 0 | 34 | $71,030.00 |
Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing | 其他制造业 | 1,540 | 1 | 28 | $58,410.00 |
Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing | 汽车零部件制造业 | 1,170 | 0 | 31 | $63,460.00 |
Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers | 耐用品批发 | 1,060 | 0 | 26 | $53,460.00 |
Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers | 家具和家居商家批发商 | 660 | 0.7 | $26.32 | $54,740 |
Household Appliance Manufacturing | 家电制造 | 330 | 0.6 | $29.78 | 61,950 |
Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing | 办公家具(包括固定装置)制造 | 450 | 0.46 | $24.85 | $51,690 |
Household Appliances and Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers | 家用电器与电子电气批发 | 90 | 0.03 | $38.84 | $80,790 |
Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing | 塑料制造 | 100 | 0.11 | $37.17 | 77,310 |
Scientific Research and Development Services | 科研与开发 | 300 | 0.05 | $35.04 | $72,880 |
Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing | 航空产品及其零部件制造 | 360 | 0.07 | $34.41 | $71,570 |
*(1)
入行门槛
工业设计师大部分需本科及以上学位,最好有自己的作品设计最佳。大部分的工业设计师需要绘图、CADD、工业材料及加工以及制造理论。
全国艺术设计学校协会(The National Association of Schools of Art and Design, NASAD)为全美300多所职业学校、大学和独立院校提供认证。欲攻读平面设计专业的学生,最好选择被该协会认证的学校。
许多课程提供学生足够的机会进行课堂设计、实习或其他经历。如此,学生在求职过程中可以理论联系实际。除此以外,现在继续深造攻读MBA学位的学生人数也在逐年递增,在掌握专业技能的同时,同时了解商业知识可以帮助刚毕业的学生总揽企业全局。
刚毕业的学生最重要的就是在工作中积累经验,针对工作经验丰富的人而言,还有提升空间,视个人能力可成为总设计师、设计部总监或其他管理部门,或从事教学工作。
个人能力要求
- 创新意识(Creativity)
- 批判性逻辑思维(Critical-thinking skills)
- 人际交往能力(Interpersonal skills)
- 解决问题的能力(Problem-solving skills)
- 专业技能(Technical skills)*(3)
就业展望与薪资
以美国为例,2015年工业设计师平均年薪$69,820,从业人数是31,330。相比整个行业的增幅度来说,工业设计师职业增幅水平相对可以,未来十年该职业还可增长2%。该市场用户的需求量和质量要求依然处于逐年上升的趋势。但是,对于大型企业来说增长预计相对缓慢,由于小型制造业对于供应生产原料的态度上将更加严谨。
对于精密设备和医疗器件领域的工业设计师而言,就业呈稳步增长的态势。因为,这两大领域都需要高等学位和专业水准的能力。*(6)
2015年
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Michigan | 6,030 | 1.45 | 6.4 | $37.56 | $78,120 |
California | 4,110 | 0.27 | 1.17 | $34.98 | $72,750 |
New York | 3,050 | 0.34 | 1.49 | $35.18 | $73,170.00 |
Illinois | 1,400 | 0.24 | 1.05 | $31.98 | $66,510 |
Ohio | 1,310 | 0.25 | 1.09 | $31.07 | $64,630.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Michigan | 6,030 | 1.45 | 6.4 | $37.56 | $78,120 |
Vermont | 180 | 0.6 | 2.66 | $26.30 | $54,710 |
Rhode Island | 270 | 0.57 | 2.52 | $30.69 | $63,830.00 |
New York | 3,050 | 0.34 | 1.49 | $35.18 | $73,170 |
South Carolina | 620 | 0.32 | 1.42 | $36.05 | $74,980.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division | 3,090 | 2.63 | 11.58 | $39.14 | $81,400 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 2,440 | 0.38 | 1.65 | $35.69 | $74,230 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 1,730 | 0.42 | 1.86 | $33.11 | $68,870 |
Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, MI Metropolitan Division | 1,490 | 2.05 | 9.04 | $40.69 | $84,640 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 770 | 0.22 | 0.95 | $32.31 | $67,210 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 530 | 0.52 | 2.27 | $37.03 | $77,020 |
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division | 520 | 0.34 | 1.5 | $33.23 | $69,120 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 510 | 0.2 | 0.9 | $32.04 | $66,650 |
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI | 450 | 0.86 | 3.78 | $30.09 | $62,590 |
Newark, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division | 410 | 0.35 | 1.55 | $39.43 | $82,010 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division | 3,090 | 2.63 | 11.58 | $39.14 | $81,400 |
Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, MI Metropolitan Division | 1,490 | 2.05 | 9.04 | $40.69 | $84,640 |
Ann Arbor, MI | 360 | 1.72 | 7.57 | $32.52 | $67,640 |
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI | 90 | 1.49 | 6.55 | $36.71 | $76,350 |
Monroe, MI | 60 | 1.46 | 6.42 | $28.52 | $59,330 |
Lawrence-Methuen Town-Salem, MA-NH NECTA Division | 100 | 1.24 | 5.46 | - | - |
Muskegon, MI | 70 | 1.06 | 4.68 | $23.87 | $49,650 |
Elkhart-Goshen, IN | 120 | 0.93 | 4.11 | $27.99 | $58,220 |
Sheboygan, WI | 50 | 0.92 | 4.04 | $32.47 | $67,530 |
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI | 450 | 0.86 | 3.78 | $30.09 | $62,590 |
*(1)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上四表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
从业人数最多州*(1)
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 3,370 | 0.24 | 1.06 | $31.23 | $64,950 |
Michigan | 3,280 | 0.84 | 3.75 | $33.70 | $70,100 |
Texas | 2,310 | 0.22 | 0.98 | $30.07 | $62,550 |
Pennsylvania | 1,880 | 0.34 | 1.51 | $29.42 | $61,190 |
New York | 1,810 | 0.21 | 0.95 | $32.93 | $68,500 |
产业最集中州*(1)
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Michigan | 3,280 | 0.84 | 3.75 | $33.70 | $70,100 |
Rhode Island | 320 | 0.71 | 3.19 | $27.94 | $58,120 |
Vermont | 160 | 0.54 | 2.41 | $25.66 | $53,380 |
Wisconsin | 1,180 | 0.44 | 1.98 | $27.61 | $57,420 |
Indiana | 990 | 0.35 | 1.57 | $24.56 | $51,090 |
注:Location quotient:产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
参考资料
(1) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 27 -1021 Commercial and Industrial Designers U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2) Industrial designers, Summary U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Industrial designers, How to Become One U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Industrial designers, What They Do U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Industrial designers, Work Environment U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) Industrial designers, Job Outlook U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics