工作内容
软件开发师(Software Developers)是电脑程序的创意之源,分系统软件开发师和应用软件开发师两种。前者主导设计计算机操作系统和网络驱动系统,或一些应用设备(不仅仅只限于计算机)的驱动程序及操作程序等,如Windows系列、Linux系列、汽车电子控制程序等;后者主导设计计算机的应用软件,如Word、CAD工具、photoshop等。*(7)
工作职责:
- 分析用户需求,然后设计、测试及开放符合需求的软件;
- 研究客户现有的程序或软件系统,给出改进方案;
- 设计应用程序或系统程序的每一个部分,并将其组织综合;
- 画出程序流程图或其它原型图,指导程序代码的编写;
- 通过测试和修改,确保软件功能的正常与稳定;
- 整理软件开发中所涉及的所有技术文档,以备将来之需——如软件更新或维护等;
- 与其它计算机专家合作,开发最好软件。
软件开发师主要就职于IT行业、计算机及电子产品制造业,此外金融业以及部分技术咨询公司也经常会雇佣软件开发师。软件开发师的工作岗位数非常庞大,2012年该职业从业人人口共978,040人,比程序员从业人口数的3倍还多。软件开发师主要在办公室工作,加班情况较为常见,约四分之一的软件开发师经常加班(美国劳工统计局2010年公布的数据)。根据USNEWS的调查,软件开发师的升职机会及职场压力均为中等,工作灵活性较大。*(1)(7)
入行门槛
软件开发师通常至少要求具有学士以上学位,计算机科学专业或软件工程专业毕业。尽管软件工程师工作的第一职责并非编写程序代码,但一般用人单位均要求软件开发师有非常强大的程序编写能力。此外,就职于不同行业的软件开发师,还需对相关行业有一定的了解,如就职于金融行业为金融公司开发软件的软件开发师就必须对金融行业有相当程度的了解。*(9)
在美国,软件开发师一般没有与之相对应的官方资格认证或证书,但一些大型的IT公司,如微软、SUN有类似相关的证书或考试。在中国,中国工业与信息化部教育与考试中心设置的计算机技术与软件专业技术资格(水平)考试中级资格考试,包含有“软件设计师”一项考试,可以算作与软件开发师职业相近的计算机等级考试。*(6)
品质与技能
软件开发师的重要品质与技能:
- 专注(Concentration)
- 创新能力(Creativity)
- 客户服务技巧(Customer-service skills)
- 注重细节(Detail oriented)
- 领导力(Leadership skills)
- 解决问题能力(Problem-solving skills)
- 团队精神(Teamwork)
- 技术能力(Technical skills) *(9)
就业展望与薪资
软件开发师的薪水较高,以美国为例,按美国劳工统计局2015年5月公布的数据,美国软件开发师平均年薪$100,690,高于计算机行业的平均水准。而按2010年美国劳工统计局公布的数据,美国全行业平均年薪仅$33,840,计算机行业的平均年薪为$73,710,而该年度软件开发师的薪水为$90,530。*(2) *(10)
就美国来说,软件开发师未来职业岗位的增长速度较快。按美国劳工统计局的预测,未来十年(2014-2024)软件开发师的岗位数预计增加186,600人(其中系统软件工程师增加135,300人,应用软件开发师增加51,300),预计增幅17%(其中系统软件开发师增幅19%,应用软件开发师增幅13%),达到1,300,600人(其中系统软件开发师853,700人,应用软件开发师447,000)。该职业增长预期高于美国全行业平均预期增幅(14%),以及计算机行业的预期增幅(22%)。*(5)
美国软件开发师从业行业及薪水列表:
系统软件开发师:
行业 | 行业英文名 | 从业人数 | 比例(‰) | 时新 | 年薪 |
计算机系统及其相关服务 | Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 125,250 | 7.84 | $49.65 | $103,280 |
软件发行商 | Software Publishers | 26,630 | 9.38 | $50.46 | $104,960 |
导航、测量、电子医疗及控制仪器制造 | Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments Manufacturing | 22,950 | 5.67 | $51.12 | $106,330 |
电脑及其周边设备制造业 | Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing | 20,030 | 12.77 | $51.33 | $106,760 |
建筑、工程及相关服务 | Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services | 17,840 | 1.37 | $50.13 | $104,270 |
应用软件开发师:
行业 | 行业英文名 | 从业人数 | 比例(‰) | 时新 | 年薪 |
计算机系统及其相关服务 | Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 199,080 | 12.46 | $44.87 | $93,340 |
软件发行商 | Software Publishers | 47,500 | 16.72 | $47.67 | $99,140 |
公司与企业管理 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | 31,730 | 1.58 | $43.56 | $90,600 |
保险公司 | Insurance Carriers | 22,810 | 1.97 | $42.24 | $87,850 |
管理、科学及技术咨询 | Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services | 21,550 | 1.96 | $44.47 | $92,490 |
*(2)
注:以上数据为2012年美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2015年
- 系统软件开发师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 82,370 | 5.32 | 1.88 | $60.85 | $126,560 |
Texas | 35,590 | 3.08 | 1.09 | $50.09 | $104,180 |
Virginia | 26,550 | 7.21 | 2.54 | $54.81 | $114,000.00 |
Massachusetts | 26,420 | 7.78 | 2.74 | $54.53 | $113,410 |
New York | 18,390 | 2.05 | 0.72 | $53.07 | $110,380.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Massachusetts | 26,420 | 7.78 | 2.74 | $54.53 | $113,410 |
Virginia | 26,550 | 7.21 | 2.54 | $54.81 | $114,000 |
Maryland | 15,430 | 5.94 | 2.1 | $57.19 | $118,950.00 |
California | 82,370 | 5.32 | 1.88 | $60.85 | $126,560 |
Colorado | 12,910 | 5.27 | 1.86 | $52.88 | $110,000.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 27,260 | 26.94 | 9.51 | $68.73 | $142,950 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 23,970 | 9.92 | 3.5 | $56.19 | $116,880 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 17,970 | 10.2 | 3.6 | $55.19 | $114,780 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 15,470 | 2.39 | 0.84 | $55.48 | $115,400 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 12,430 | 5.33 | 1.88 | $48.65 | $101,190 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 11,330 | 4.57 | 1.61 | $46.59 | $96,900 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 10,790 | 2.63 | 0.93 | $55.75 | $115,960 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 10,490 | 6.83 | 2.41 | $55.99 | $116,460 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 9,850 | 9.65 | 3.41 | $62.79 | $130,610 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 8,770 | 2.99 | 1.06 | $51.09 | $106,270 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 27,260 | 26.94 | 9.51 | $68.73 | $142,950 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 3,830 | 22.2 | 7.84 | $52.39 | $108,960 |
Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division | 2,230 | 15.11 | 5.33 | $60.59 | $126,020 |
Huntsville, AL | 2,320 | 10.88 | 3.84 | $53.16 | $110,580 |
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL | 2,060 | 10.48 | 3.7 | $47.78 | $99,390 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 17,970 | 10.2 | 3.6 | $55.19 | $114,780 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 23,970 | 9.92 | 3.5 | $56.19 | $116,880 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 9,850 | 9.65 | 3.41 | $62.79 | $130,610 |
California-Lexington Park, MD | 410 | 9.35 | 3.3 | $50.37 | $104,760 |
Boulder, CO | 1,530 | 8.92 | 3.15 | $56.30 | $117,110 |
*(1)
- 应用软件开发师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 123,950 | 8 | 1.48 | $59.57 | $123,900 |
Texas | 53,460 | 4.62 | 0.85 | $48.00 | $99,830 |
Washington | 49,980 | 16.75 | 3.09 | $57.90 | $120,430.00 |
New York | 46,470 | 5.17 | 0.95 | $53.14 | $110,530 |
New Jersey | 40,940 | 10.48 | 1.93 | $47.75 | $99,320.00 |
*(2)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Washington | 49,980 | 16.75 | 3.09 | $57.90 | $120,430 |
New Jersey | 40,940 | 10.48 | 1.93 | $47.75 | $99,320 |
Colorado | 23,610 | 9.63 | 1.78 | $50.22 | $104,450.00 |
Virginia | 35,060 | 9.52 | 1.76 | $50.88 | $105,830 |
Massachusetts | 28,630 | 8.43 | 1.55 | $52.61 | $109,430.00 |
*(2)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 54,220 | 8.37 | 1.54 | $53.56 | $111,410 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 46,230 | 30.09 | 5.55 | $58.91 | $122,530 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 42,650 | 42.16 | 7.77 | $70.78 | $147,220 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 28,230 | 11.68 | 2.15 | $53.12 | $110,480 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 22,950 | 22.5 | 4.15 | $56.62 | $117,770 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 20,760 | 8.37 | 1.54 | $45.82 | $95,300 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 20,550 | 5.75 | 1.06 | $44.00 | $91,530 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 19,490 | 11.07 | 2.04 | $51.80 | $107,740 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 16,900 | 7.25 | 1.34 | $48.83 | $101,570 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 15,220 | 3.71 | 0.68 | $53.07 | $110,380 |
*(2)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 42,650 | 42.16 | 7.77 | $70.78 | $147,220 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 46,230 | 30.09 | 5.55 | $58.91 | $122,530 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 4,400 | 25.52 | 4.71 | $49.86 | $103,710 |
Boulder, CO | 3,980 | 23.19 | 4.28 | $51.84 | $107,830 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 22,950 | 22.5 | 4.15 | $56.62 | $117,770 |
Trenton, NJ | 4,210 | 18.95 | 3.49 | $49.69 | $103,360 |
Raleigh, NC | 7,920 | 14.04 | 2.59 | $46.58 | $96,880 |
Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division | 1,690 | 13.27 | 2.45 | $45.68 | $95,010 |
Huntsville, AL | 2,800 | 13.13 | 2.42 | $48.56 | $101,010 |
Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division | 1,910 | 12.93 | 2.38 | - | - |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
系统软件开发师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 80,130 | 5.60 | 1.86 | $55.50 | $115,440 |
Texas | 32,660 | 3.09 | 1.03 | $47.80 | $99,420 |
Virginia | 30,680 | 8.53 | 2.84 | $54.34 | $113,020 |
Massachusetts | 29,220 | 9.12 | 3.03 | $53.17 | $110,600 |
New York | 17,630 | 2.06 | 0.69 | $46.97 | $97,700 |
应用软件开发师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 88,260 | 6.17 | 1.37 | $50.54 | $105,120 |
Texas | 41,530 | 3.93 | 0.87 | $44.73 | $93,030 |
Washington | 39,650 | 14.34 | 3.19 | $48.15 | $100,160 |
New York | 38,270 | 4.48 | 1.00 | $47.89 | $99,610 |
Virginia | 32,610 | 9.07 | 2.01 | $48.58 | $101,050 |
美国产业最集中州(前五):
系统软件开发师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Massachusetts | 29,220 | 9.12 | 3.03 | $53.17 | $110,600 |
Virginia | 30,680 | 8.53 | 2.84 | $54.34 | $113,020 |
California | 80,130 | 5.60 | 1.86 | $55.50 | $115,440 |
Maryland | 13,250 | 5.28 | 1.76 | $52.39 | $108,970 |
Washington | 14,500 | 5.25 | 1.74 | $50.63 | $105,300 |
应用软件开发师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Washington | 39,650 | 14.34 | 3.19 | $48.15 | $100,160 |
Colorado | 20,580 | 9.25 | 2.05 | $44.22 | $91,970 |
Virginia | 32,610 | 9.07 | 2.01 | $48.58 | $101,050 |
Massachusetts | 26,720 | 8.34 | 1.85 | $49.39 | $102,730 |
New Hampshire | 4,710 | 7.69 | 1.71 | $43.47 | $90,420 |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上两表均是2012年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
参考资料:
(1) 软件开发师-2014USNEWS美国最佳职业 USNEWS
(2) Software Developers, Systems Software US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Software Developers, Applications US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Software Developers-Summary US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Software Developers-Job Outlook US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) 计算机技术与软件专业技术资格(水平)考试简介 工业和信息化部教育与考试中心
(7) Software Developers- What Software Developers Do US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8) Software Developers- Work Environment US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(9) Software Developers- How to Become a Software Developer US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(10) Software Developers-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics