工作内容
花艺设计师(Floral designers)又称花艺师,针对鲜花、干花或假花进行修建作为装饰品。花艺师常常帮助客户根据特定的场合选择花朵、丝带、器皿和其他小饰品点缀。
通常在比较盛大而又正式的场合更显花艺师的价值:婚礼、葬礼、宴会,花艺师需根据场合选择合适的花朵进行点缀和搭配,包括各种花开的季节以及作用。通常在婚礼中,花艺师要精心挑选不同颜色的花朵、大小、数量,尤其是装饰地毯时候具体撒玫瑰花瓣的数量都要一一到位。花艺师还需了解每种花的性能。有些花如康乃馨在户外无水的情况下可以存活好几个小时不凋谢;而有些花带有剧毒,如百合花,就是喵星人的克星。
花艺师的另外一个价值就是指导不懂花的人们如何养花,包括温度和水量;对于插花来说,多数情况下花艺师要提供相应的花肥。
花艺师的另一份重要工作就是修花。当花艺师从供应商那里收到花,必须立刻着手将水位线以下的叶子剪掉;修剪花朵,培育花肥,在不同的花瓶里按照比例放置花肥,还必须将花放在温度适宜的地方保鲜。
很多花艺师与附近的酒店、餐厅等都签订有长期有效的合同。*(4)
工作环境
Industry | Employment | Percent of industry employment | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage | |
Florists | 花店 | 31,220 | 46 | $12.24 | $25,450.00 |
Grocery Stores | 杂货店 | 7,180 | 0 | $12.52 | $26,030.00 |
Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores | 体育用品、礼品和乐器店 | 1,450 | 0 | $11.94 | $24,830.00 |
Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers | 非耐用品批发 | 1,350 | 0 | $11.83 | $24,610.00 |
Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores | 草坪及园艺设备用品店 | 1,160 | 1 | $13.16 | $27,370.00 |
Traveler Accommodation | 酒店 | 130 | 0.01 | $16.66 | 34,650 |
Home Furnishings Stores | 家居用品店 | -8 | -8 | 16 | 33,520 |
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals | 医院 | 50 | -7 | 16 | 33,140 |
Other Amusement and Recreation Industries | 其他娱乐休闲行业 | 30 | -7 | $15.77 | $32,800 |
*(1)
据2012年美国劳工局数据,花艺师职业从业人员共47110人。以上表中数据可见,大部分花艺师从事自雇经营,开花店或杂货店等零售业务。为了保持鲜花的质量,通常花艺师的工作室或花店室内温度要低于一般办公室温度,光线充足,环境优雅。大部分的花艺师皆是全职工作。因为鲜花易腐烂,大部分的订单只能存于近期,因此,花艺师通常在节假日比平时要忙很多。*(5)
入行门槛
通常花艺师在刚进入行业前要跟随一位有经验的花艺师实习一段时间;这段时间里需要学习简单的花艺组合,如何设计丝带,修枝剪叶,熟悉花的脾性照料花,掌握不同性质的花,包括成长特性和复杂花艺设计等,许多花艺师之前一直做收银员和零售包装。
美国开设花艺专业的学校包括:美国大学和社区学院;大部分社区学院和大学皆提供副学士学位或本科学位。
美国佛罗里达艺术协会(The American Institute of Floral Designers, AIFD)提供花艺师认证资格。花艺师职业提升空间较小,一般有经验的花艺师可以自雇经营或成为首席花艺师。
个人能力
- 专业能力(Artistic ability)
- 创新意识(Creativity)
- 与客户的交际能力(Customer service skills)
- 组织能力(Organizational skills)*(3)
就业展望与薪资
按照美国劳工局数据,2015年花艺师职业平均年薪是$27,010,从业人数44,350。在表中数据可见,相比整个行业提升7%的增幅度,花艺师职业却不增反降,未来十年将降低3个百分点。整个花艺市场供需关系极不平衡。*(6)
2015年
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 3,230 | 0.21 | 0.65 | $15.26 | $31,740 |
New York | 2,980 | 0.33 | 1.03 | $14.49 | $30,140 |
Texas | 2,900 | 0.25 | 0.78 | $12.09 | $25,140.00 |
Illinois | 2,430 | 0.42 | 1.29 | $13.52 | $28,130 |
Florida | 2,310 | 0.29 | 0.9 | $12.50 | $26,000.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Missouri | 1,780 | 0.66 | 2.04 | $11.80 | $24,550 |
North Dakota | 280 | 0.63 | 1.96 | $11.76 | $24,460 |
Wyoming | 150 | 0.53 | 1.64 | $13.26 | $27,580.00 |
Idaho | 330 | 0.51 | 1.59 | $11.92 | $24,790 |
Utah | 670 | 0.5 | 1.56 | $11.25 | $23,400.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,970 | 0.3 | 0.94 | $16.37 | $34,050 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 1,390 | 0.39 | 1.21 | $14.24 | $29,620 |
St. Louis, MO-IL | 650 | 0.49 | 1.52 | $12.89 | $26,800 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 610 | 0.15 | 0.46 | $16.13 | $33,560 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 610 | 0.25 | 0.77 | $12.88 | $26,790 |
Nassau County-Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division | 610 | 0.48 | 1.48 | $14.44 | $30,040 |
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 570 | 0.41 | 1.28 | $12.27 | $25,520 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 550 | 0.19 | 0.59 | $13.10 | $27,240 |
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 550 | 0.51 | 1.57 | $11.95 | $24,860 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 540 | 0.22 | 0.69 | $15.45 | $32,140 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Fond du Lac, WI | 60 | 1.23 | 3.81 | $10.56 | $21,970 |
Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL | 50 | 1 | 3.11 | $10.57 | $21,980 |
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA | 160 | 0.86 | 2.67 | $10.76 | $22,370 |
Rockford, IL | 120 | 0.83 | 2.58 | $14.36 | $29,870 |
Jefferson City, MO | 60 | 0.82 | 2.55 | $11.44 | $23,800 |
Gary, IN Metropolitan Division | 210 | 0.8 | 2.48 | $12.56 | $26,130 |
Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH | 30 | 0.79 | 2.46 | $10.39 | $21,600 |
Amarillo, TX | 80 | 0.73 | 2.25 | $11.25 | $23,410 |
Barnstable Town, MA | 70 | 0.72 | 2.23 | $14.27 | $29,680 |
Oshkosh-Neenah, WI | 60 | 0.72 | 2.24 | $10.20 | $21,210 |
*(1)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上四表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
从业人数最多州*(1)
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 3,490 | 0.33 | 0.91 | $11.33 | $23,570 |
California | 3,200 | 0.22 | 0.62 | $14.04 | $29,200 |
Florida | 2,780 | 0.38 | 1.06 | $12.16 | $25,300 |
New York | 2,780 | 0.32 | 0.9 | $14.34 | $29,820 |
Pennsylvania | 2,460 | 0.44 | 1.22 | $12.25 | $25,470 |
产业最集中州*(1)
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
North Dakota | 320 | 0.8 | 2.21 | $10.15 | $21,100 |
Wyoming | 180 | 0.66 | 1.83 | $10.75 | $22,360 |
South Dakota | 250 | 0.62 | 1.71 | $11.56 | $24,040 |
Iowa | 910 | 0.62 | 1.72 | $11.13 | $23,150 |
West Virginia | 430 | 0.61 | 1.68 | $8.94 | $18,600 |
注:Location quotient:产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
参考资料
(1) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 27-1023 Floral Designers U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2) Floral Designers, Summary U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Floral Designers, How to Become One U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Floral Designers, What They Do U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Floral Designers, Work Environment U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) Floral Designers, Work Environment U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics