制图师(Drafters),或称制图员、绘图员,作为一个职业,是对包括机械制图师(Mechanical Drafters)、土木及建筑制图师(Architectural and Civil Drafters)、电气及电子制图师(Electrical and Electronics Drafters)在内的三种主要制图师以及其它领域制图师的总称。
工作内容
制图师利用软件绘制机械结构图、工序图、工程图、施工图、设计图、电路图等——视专注领域而异。*(8)
工作职责:
- 设计和规划CADD(computer-aided design and drafting)的使用;
- 在理解工程及制造技术的基础上,有效绘制相关图纸;
- 将施工及技术细节写入图纸;
- 准备多方位的工程图纸,供工程师使用与查看;
- 在工程师的督导下,标注工程图尺寸、材料、工序及工艺等。
制图师主要使用CADD软件设计和绘制相关工程图,需要十分熟练相关软件,并具备一定得相关专业背景。如机械制图师,应当了解一定的机械专业知识等。
制图师根据工作种类的不同,需要熟练使用的软件也不同,一般一个制图师必须能非常熟练地使用一种或几种制图软件。
更细分的制图师可分为:
- 航空工程制图师(Aeronautical drafters)
- 建筑制图师(Architectural drafters)
- 土木制图师(Civil drafters)
- 电气制图师(Electrical drafters)
- 电子制图师(Electronics drafters)
- 机械制图师(Mechanical drafters)
- 工艺管道制图师(Process piping or pipeline drafters)
制图师主要使用电脑在办公室办公,一般全职工作,甚少兼职,加班并不罕见。*(9
入行门槛
制图师一般只需要副学士学历即可。一般四年制大学并不开设专门的制图专业,或进行制图培训。但四年制大学却开设诸如土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、电子工程之类的专业,可以让学生更深入的了解到相关的专业背景知识,而且这类专业通常设有相关的制图课程。因此毕业于四年制大学,并获得相关工学学士的学生,相比毕业于社区学院或技术学院单制图专业的学生,竞争力更强——至少不亚于。
制图师一般无需取得相应执照。美国设计制图协会(ADDA)设有一种制图师证书项目,但该项目的考试不包含计算机软件知识。获得该证书可以增强制图师的职业竞争力。
制图师相关的重要技能或品质:
- 批判性思维(Critical-thinking skills)
- 注重细节(Detail oriented)
- 人际交往能力(Interpersonal skills)
- 软件技能(Technical skills)
- 时间管理技巧(Time-management skills)*(7)
就业展望与薪资
制图师主要就职于建筑及工程相关行业,该行业的制图师从业人数占总数的50%以上。其它相对集中的行业还有半导体及电子产业、电力系统、导航及导航控制仪器行业等。
制图师的薪水在美国属于中等,按2010年美国劳工统计局公布的数据,美国全行业平均年薪仅$33,840,工程师行业平均年薪为$83,340,工程技术员的平均薪水为$49,600而制图师当年的平均年薪为$47,880,略高于工程技术员。*(1) *(10)
就美国来说,制图师未来职业岗位增长的期望一般。按美国劳工统计局的预测,未来十年(2014-2024)全体制图师的岗位数预计会减少6,200人,减幅为-3%,2024年为198,300人。*(6)
2015年
- 机械制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 5,140 | 0.44 | 0.94 | $29.98 | $62,370 |
Michigan | 3,970 | 0.96 | 2.02 | $26.33 | $54,770 |
California | 3,890 | 0.25 | 0.53 | $28.56 | $59,410.00 |
New York | 3,780 | 0.42 | 0.89 | $26.78 | $55,700 |
Pennsylvania | 3,490 | 0.61 | 1.29 | $25.69 | $53,430.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Maine | 660 | 1.12 | 2.36 | $26.01 | $54,100 |
Wisconsin | 3,040 | 1.1 | 2.32 | $24.41 | $50,760 |
Connecticut | 1,790 | 1.08 | 2.28 | $29.05 | $60,430.00 |
Michigan | 3,970 | 0.96 | 2.02 | $26.33 | $54,770 |
Oklahoma | 1,520 | 0.95 | 2.01 | $25.50 | $53,050.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 2,210 | 0.75 | 1.59 | $32.97 | $68,570 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 2,200 | 0.62 | 1.3 | $28.74 | $59,770.00 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,890 | 0.29 | 0.62 | $27.29 | $56,770 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 1,840 | 1.2 | 2.53 | $38.34 | $79,760 |
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division | 1,720 | 1.47 | 3.1 | $27.49 | $57,170 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 1,580 | 0.84 | 1.78 | $29.14 | $60,610 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 960 | 0.23 | 0.5 | $26.93 | $56,010 |
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI | 920 | 1.11 | 2.34 | $25.62 | $53,290 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 900 | 0.39 | 0.82 | $31.58 | $65,680 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 880 | 0.35 | 0.75 | $26.11 | $54,320 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Columbus, IN | 210 | 4.17 | 8.82 | $26.02 | $54,110 |
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI | 160 | 2.59 | 5.48 | $31.28 | $65,070.00 |
Midland, MI | 80 | 2.38 | 5.03 | - | - |
Appleton, WI | 270 | 2.21 | 4.66 | $26.91 | $55,970 |
Sheboygan, WI | 130 | 2.17 | 4.58 | $26.03 | $54,150 |
Fond du Lac, WI | 100 | 2.14 | 4.53 | $22.39 | $46,570 |
Elmira, NY | 70 | 1.96 | 4.14 | $25.70 | $53,450 |
Wausau, WI | 120 | 1.69 | 3.57 | $23.14 | $48,120 |
Tulsa, OK | 730 | 1.69 | 3.58 | $28.25 | $58,760 |
Savannah, GA | 270 | 1.65 | 3.48 | $40.14 | $83,500 |
*(1)
- 土木及建筑制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 13,650 | 0.88 | 1.27 | $27.91 | $58,050 |
Texas | 11,980 | 1.04 | 1.5 | $28.39 | $59,040 |
New York | 6,420 | 0.71 | 1.03 | $26.46 | $55,040.00 |
Florida | 6,250 | 0.79 | 1.14 | $23.51 | $48,900 |
Pennsylvania | 4,940 | 0.87 | 1.25 | $25.05 | $52,100.00 |
*(2)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Utah | 1,670 | 1.26 | 1.82 | $23.57 | $49,020 |
Wyoming | 330 | 1.17 | 1.69 | $20.86 | $43,390 |
Montana | 490 | 1.09 | 1.58 | $22.69 | $47,200.00 |
Texas | 11,980 | 1.04 | 1.5 | $28.39 | $59,040 |
Maine | 520 | 0.88 | 1.27 | $21.45 | $44,610.00 |
*(2)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 5,010 | 0.77 | 1.12 | $27.05 | $56,260 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,800 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $33.14 | $68,930.00 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 3,500 | 0.85 | 1.24 | $28.34 | $58,940 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 2,340 | 0.65 | 0.95 | $25.02 | $52,050 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 2,020 | 0.87 | 1.25 | $26.30 | $54,710 |
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division | 1,990 | 1.3 | 1.89 | $27.25 | $56,680 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 1,840 | 0.74 | 1.08 | $25.42 | $52,870 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 1,830 | 0.97 | 1.41 | $26.35 | $54,810 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 1,750 | 0.99 | 1.44 | $27.60 | $57,400 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 1,430 | 0.59 | 0.85 | $25.68 | $53,410 |
*(2)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL | 100 | 2.07 | 3 | $22.98 | $47,800 |
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX | 320 | 1.94 | 2.81 | $39.08 | $81,290.00 |
Billings, MT | 160 | 1.87 | 2.71 | $24.53 | $51,020 |
Ames, IA | 70 | 1.7 | 2.46 | $30.36 | $63,140 |
Corvallis, OR | 60 | 1.68 | 2.43 | $24.68 | $51,340 |
St. George, UT | 90 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $21.76 | $45,270 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,800 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $33.14 | $68,930 |
Ocala, FL | 150 | 1.52 | 2.2 | $16.75 | $34,840 |
Salt Lake City, UT | 950 | 1.45 | 2.1 | $24.64 | $51,250 |
Tyler, TX | 140 | 1.43 | 2.07 | $30.56 | $63,560 |
*(2)
- 电气及电子制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 5,790 | 0.37 | 1.76 | $29.50 | $61,360 |
Texas | 3,310 | 0.29 | 1.35 | $36.17 | $75,240 |
New York | 1,710 | 0.19 | 0.9 | $33.96 | $70,630.00 |
Pennsylvania | 1,130 | 0.2 | 0.94 | $29.16 | $60,660 |
Florida | 1,000 | 0.13 | 0.6 | $22.78 | $47,380.00 |
*(3)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New Hampshire | 260 | 0.4 | 1.9 | $30.66 | $63,770 |
California | 5,790 | 0.37 | 1.76 | $29.50 | $61,360 |
Hawaii | 210 | 0.34 | 1.59 | $30.59 | $63,620.00 |
Arizona | 850 | 0.33 | 1.56 | $28.33 | $58,930 |
Maine | 190 | 0.32 | 1.5 | $31.60 | $65,730.00 |
*(3)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 1,520 | 0.52 | 2.45 | $40.24 | $83,690 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,130 | 0.18 | 0.83 | $36.11 | $75,120.00 |
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 970 | 0.71 | 3.37 | $27.50 | $57,200 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 830 | 0.2 | 0.95 | $28.96 | $60,240 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 810 | 0.35 | 1.65 | $32.99 | $68,620 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 730 | 0.39 | 1.84 | $28.65 | $59,600 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 720 | 0.47 | 2.2 | $40.90 | $85,070 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 590 | 0.58 | 2.74 | $32.01 | $66,570 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 530 | 0.15 | 0.71 | $34.52 | $71,810 |
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 470 | 0.35 | 1.63 | $35.34 | $73,500 |
*(3)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division | 140 | 1.07 | 5.08 | $33.43 | $69,530 |
Billings, MT | 90 | 1.02 | 4.8 | $24.68 | $51,340.00 |
Huntsville, AL | 190 | 0.9 | 4.25 | $35.90 | $74,680 |
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 970 | 0.71 | 3.37 | $27.50 | $57,200 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 120 | 0.68 | 3.21 | $31.99 | $66,540 |
Mankato-North Mankato, MN | 30 | 0.62 | 2.95 | $27.23 | $56,630 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 590 | 0.58 | 2.74 | $32.01 | $66,570 |
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA | 90 | 0.52 | 2.43 | $25.31 | $52,650 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 1,520 | 0.52 | 2.45 | $40.24 | $83,690 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 720 | 0.47 | 2.2 | $40.90 | $85,070 |
*(3)
- 其它制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 1,740 | 0.15 | 1.34 | $30.87 | $64,210 |
California | 1,310 | 0.08 | 0.76 | $27.79 | $57,800 |
Ohio | 1,140 | 0.22 | 1.93 | $24.35 | $50,650.00 |
Louisiana | 940 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $26.35 | $54,800 |
New York | 850 | 0.09 | 0.84 | $28.35 | $58,960.00 |
*(4)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Louisiana | 940 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $26.35 | $54,800 |
Oregon | 670 | 0.39 | 3.45 | $25.05 | $52,110 |
Montana | 160 | 0.35 | 3.1 | $26.15 | $54,390.00 |
New Hampshire | 150 | 0.23 | 2.08 | $26.31 | $54,730 |
Washington | 650 | 0.22 | 1.93 | $27.99 | $58,210.00 |
*(4)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 690 | 0.24 | 2.1 | $39.00 | $81,130 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 590 | 0.09 | 0.82 | $30.28 | $62,990.00 |
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 530 | 0.49 | 4.34 | $25.74 | $53,540 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 390 | 0.25 | 2.24 | $28.02 | $58,280 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 380 | 0.2 | 1.79 | $25.06 | $52,130 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 330 | 0.08 | 0.71 | $29.03 | $60,380 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 320 | 0.14 | 1.23 | $25.43 | $52,890 |
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 300 | 0.29 | 2.58 | $26.36 | $54,830 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 280 | 0.08 | 0.71 | $32.30 | $67,190 |
New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 280 | 0.49 | 4.41 | $32.70 | $68,010 |
*(4)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Monroe, LA | 70 | 0.92 | 8.2 | $21.08 | $43,840 |
Lafayette, LA | 170 | 0.78 | 6.99 | $28.88 | $60,080.00 |
Houma-Thibodaux, LA | 60 | 0.64 | 5.67 | $27.33 | $56,840 |
Dubuque, IA | 40 | 0.61 | 5.45 | $22.50 | $46,810 |
Eugene, OR | 90 | 0.59 | 5.3 | $23.99 | $49,890 |
Baton Rouge, LA | 200 | 0.51 | 4.55 | $21.31 | $44,330 |
Portsmouth, NH-ME | 40 | 0.49 | 4.35 | $29.70 | $61,770 |
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 530 | 0.49 | 4.34 | $25.74 | $53,540 |
New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 280 | 0.49 | 4.41 | $32.70 | $68,010 |
Bremerton-Silverdale, WA | 40 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $31.53 | $65,580 |
*(4)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上十六个表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
美国从业人数最多州(前五)
机械制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 4,610 | 0 | 0.9 | $27.85 | $57,940.00 |
California | 4,500 | 0 | 0.65 | $27.72 | $57,660.00 |
Pennsylvania | 4,350 | 1 | 1.6 | $23.41 | $48,700.00 |
Michigan | 4,350 | 1 | 2.29 | $23.77 | $49,450.00 |
Ohio | 2,990 | 1 | 1.22 | $22.57 | $46,950.00 |
*(1)
土木及建筑制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 11,800 | 1 | 1.29 | $27.49 | $57,180.00 |
Texas | 8,990 | 1 | 1.33 | $23.00 | $47,830.00 |
Florida | 5,620 | 1 | 1.21 | $22.38 | $46,550.00 |
New York | 5,470 | 1 | 1 | $25.79 | $53,640 |
Pennsylvania | 4,250 | 1 | 1.19 | $22.67 | $47,150 |
*(2)
电气及电子制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 11,800 | 1 | 1.29 | $27.49 | $57,180.00 |
Texas | 8,990 | 1 | 1.33 | $23.00 | $47,830.00 |
Florida | 5,620 | 1 | 1.21 | $22.38 | $46,550.00 |
New York | 5,470 | 1 | 1 | $25.79 | $53,640 |
Pennsylvania | 4,250 | 1 | 1.19 | $22.67 | $47,150 |
*(3)
其它制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 1,890 | 0 | 1.57 | $26.20 | $54,500.00 |
California | 1,660 | 0 | 1.02 | $25.51 | $53,050.00 |
Ohio | 760 | 0 | 1.32 | $22.10 | $45,960.00 |
Illinois | 660 | 0 | 1.03 | $23.88 | $49,660.00 |
Louisiana | 620 | 0 | 2.94 | $21.47 | $44,660 |
*(4)
美国产业最集中州(前五)
机械制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Connecticut | 1,950 | 1 | 2.48 | $27.02 | $56,190.00 |
Michigan | 4,350 | 1 | 2.29 | $23.77 | $49,450.00 |
Maine | 620 | 1 | 2.18 | $25.16 | $52,340 |
Minnesota | 2,770 | 1 | 2.16 | $26.78 | $55,700 |
Wisconsin | 2,790 | 1.04 | 2.15 | $24.27 | $50,480 |
*(1)
土木及建筑制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Montana | 570 | 1 | 2.05 | $21.27 | $44,250 |
Utah | 1,420 | 1 | 1.84 | $22.89 | $47,610 |
Wyoming | 250 | 0.9 | 1.4 | $22.03 | $45,830 |
Hawaii | 520 | 0.88 | 1.37 | $22.82 | $47,470 |
Alaska | 280 | 0.87 | 1.36 | $31.54 | $65,590 |
*(2)
电气及电子制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Delaware | 190 | 0.46 | 2.14 | $27.17 | $56,510 |
Washington | 1,090 | 0.4 | 1.83 | $34.88 | $72,560 |
Texas | 3,790 | 0.36 | 1.66 | $31.43 | $65,370 |
Kansas | 440 | 0.34 | 1.55 | $24.74 | $51,460 |
Maryland | 800 | 0.32 | 1.47 | $29.87 | $62,130 |
*(3)
其它制图师:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Louisiana | 620 | 0.33 | 2.94 | $21.47 | $44,660 |
New Hampshire | 200 | 0.32 | 2.85 | $26.29 | $54,680 |
Montana | 140 | 0.31 | 2.77 | $24.32 | $50,590 |
Kentucky | 540 | 0.31 | 2.7 | $19.46 | $40,480 |
Oregon | 440 | 0.27 | 2.4 | $24.00 | $49,910 |
*(4)
注:
(1)Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2)以上八张表均是2012年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
参考资料:
(1) Mechanical Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2) Architectural and Civil Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Electrical and Electronics Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Drafters, All Other US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Drafters-Summary US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) Drafters-Job Outlook US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(7) Drafters- How to Become an Civil Engineer US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8) Drafters- What Drafters Do US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(9) Drafters- Work Environment US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(10) Drafters-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics